直譯與意譯
這裏所講的翻譯方法指的是,通過英、漢兩種語言特點的對比,分析其異同,闡述表達原文的一般規律。英、漢語的結構有相同的一面,漢譯時可照譯,即所謂“直譯”——既忠實原文內容,又符合原文的結構形式。但這兩種語言之間還有許多差別,如完整照譯,勢必出現“英化漢語”,這時就需要“意譯’,—在忠實原文內容的前提下,擺脫原文結構的束縛,使譯文符合漢語的規範。特別要注意的是:“直譯”不等於“死譯”,“意譯”也不等於“亂譯”。試比較:
1.直譯與死譯
原文結構與漢語的結構是一致的,照譯即可。但如果原文 結構與漢語的不一致,仍然採取直譯的方法,就成“死譯”了。
如:①In some automated plants electronic computers control the entire production line.
在某些自動化工廠,電子電腦控制整個生產線。(直譯)
②The earth acts like a big magnet.
地球作用著像一塊大磁鐵。(死譯)
③Manganese has the same effect on the strength of steel as silicon.
錳有同樣的影響在強度的鋼上像矽。(死譯)
例②、例③既不忠實原意,又不符合漢語的表達方式。因此,必須運用“詞類轉換”廣成分轉換”、“詞(語)序調整”等手段使譯文通順。例②、例③應分別譯為:“地球的作用像一塊大磁鐵。…“錳像矽一樣會影響鋼的強度。”
2.意譯和亂譯
只有在正確理解原文的基礎上,運用相應的翻譯方法以調整原文結構,用規範的漢語加以表達,這才真正做到“意譯”。翻譯實踐證明,大量英語句子的漢譯都要採取“意譯法”。
如果把“意譯”理解為憑主觀臆想來理解原文,可以不分析原文結構,只看詞面意義,自己編造句子,勢必造成“亂譯”。如:
It is easy to compress a gas,it is just a matter of reducing the space
between the molecules. Like a liquid a gas has no shape,but unlike a liquid
it will expand and fill any container it is put in.
氣體是很容易壓縮的,這正是壓縮分子之間距離的根據。氣體和液體一樣沒有形狀,但又不同於液體,氣體膨脹時會充滿任何盛放它的容器。(亂譯)
例句中的“亂譯’’是由主觀臆想(不正確選擇詞義、任意轉換成分)造成的。在這裏,將matter譯成“根據”在物理學上是講不通的,因為“壓縮氣體也就是減少分子之間的距離”,兩者是一回事。matter應作“事情”、“問題”解。
將will expand任意轉換為時間狀語,致使不符合原義。will expand and fill應譯為“會擴張並充滿”。綜上所述,原譯文可改為“氣體很容易壓縮,那只不過是縮小分子之間的距離而已。氣體和液體一樣沒有形狀,但又不同於液體,因為氣體會擴張並充滿任何盛放它的容器。”
就翻譯方法而論,總的來說,就是“直譯法和意譯法相結合”,又可細分為“照譯”、“詞義引伸”、“成分轉換”、“句轉成分”等譯法。
[中國翻譯家聯盟 2004-2-13] 第569次點擊
1.改變詞類Conversion。英語一個詞能充當的句子成分較少,充當不同成分時常常要改變詞類。
Insulin is used in the treatment of diabetes.
This issue is of paramount importance.
Rationing by points is over and rationing by the purse is in.
Oceanography has been defined as "The application of all sciences to the study of the sea".
2. 選詞用字Diction。
Before Hugo could protest, he and the others were led away. (抗議-分辯)
Put a teaspoonful of tea in the pot and then you just add the boiling water to it and let it stand.
(稍等片刻再喝)
It's a crime you didn't finish school. (憾事)
3.詞序調整Inversion。一個句子中詞和分句的順序,英漢兩種語言往往不同。如表示時間和地點,英語常常是先小後大,而漢語是先大後小。
His address is 3612 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19001. USA.
Don't hesitate to come when you need help.
black and white TV; iron and steel company
4.省略Omission
You cannot build a ship, a bridge or a house if you don't know how to make a design or how to read it.
It took him a long time to reach the bottom and to couch behind a little dwarf palm.
5.增詞Amplification。英語中沒有量詞,助詞,翻譯時應根據上下文的需要予以增加。有些英語的不及物動詞必須增加賓語意思才完整。
I could knit when I was seven.
Without a sense of your fault, how can repentance and amendment be expected﹖
Walking past the Garden of Eden, Adam's son asked his father: "Who owns that large estate﹖"
"That's where your mother and I used to live." replied Adam. "before she ate us out of house and home."
6.重複Repetition
Practically every river has an upper, a middle and a lower part. 上游,中游,下游
If an atom contains three protons, it must have three electrons to be electrically neutral.
7.正譯反譯法Negation
The Organization has not, so far, justified the hopes which the people set on it. (辜負)
Suddenly he heard a sound behind him, and realized he was not alone in the garage. (還有別人)
If a patient at Beth Israel is not responding to treatment. it is not uncommon for his nurse to propose another approach to his doctor. 1993.
8.分譯法Division。英語長句多,為了符合漢語表達習慣,可將英語長句拆成短句。
It was a real challenge that those who had learned from us now excelled us.
It has been rightly stated that this situation is a threat to international security.
Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores. 1993.
9.常見短語和重要句型的翻譯
1)It goes without saying that…不言而喻的是……
2)It is common knowledge that…眾所周知的是……
3)It occurs to me that…我突然想起
4)It is not that...but that…並不是說……而是說
5) 某些含蓄否定的翻譯
Plants which refine crude ores are often located in countries other than those in which the crude ores are mined. 提煉礦石的工廠通常不是設在開採礦石的國家,而是設在其他國家。
6)more...than...與其說……不如說……
She is more like his mother than like his teacher.
7)no more...than...和……一樣都不
There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take any more than they can limit how much water you drink.
他們沒有理由限制你服用多少維生素,就像他們不能限制你喝多少水一樣。
8)not...all.... all is...not...並不是……都……
All that glitters is not gold.
Both of the books are not helpful.
Everyone doesn't want to go to the concert.
9)cannot...too...無論……也不過分
We can't praise him too much.
10)much less, still less to say nothing of, not to mention let alone更不用說
He knows little of mathematics, and still less of chemistry.
In old China, there was hardly any machine-building industry, to say nothing of an electronic industry.
All they have to do is to press a button, and they can see plays, films, operas and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match.
11)so...that...如此……以至於
And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder-kitchen rage.
12) not so much...as...與其說……不如說……
Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.
13)not...because...(否定轉移)並不是因為……
The police didn't arrest me because I committed any crime. They said I was wandering on the street with the intent of committing an arrestable offense.
14) anything...but...一點也不,決不 nothing...but...就是,僅僅,but for...要不是……
The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind, it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanations.
Alone in a deserted house, he was so busy with his research work that he felt anything but lonely.
But for your timely help, we couldn't have finished the work on time.
15)as特殊狀語從句,譯為定語從句
"In short", a leader of the new school contends, "the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions."
16) what is called...所謂的,所說的……(東西)
One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature and so on.
17)such...as...諸如……
Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
18)not...not...雙重否定,可依情況譯為沒有……不……,或每一個……,都……
10.注意英語慣用法,俚語和俗語的翻譯。
Mr. Wilson talks a lot, but Mrs. Wilson wears the trousers in their house.
It seems to me what is sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander. 公鵝.
I hope she will always feel like a daughter of America, and not like a stepchild.
It's a lot easier to get in the hole than to get out again.
轉載自:http://www.bime.ntu.edu.tw/~dsfon/Dingren/translation/method31.htm
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