直譯與意譯       
　

這裏所講的翻譯方法指的是，通過英、漢兩種語言特點的對比，分析其異同，闡述表達原文的一般規律。英、漢語的結構有相同的一面，漢譯時可照譯，即所謂“直譯”——既忠實原文內容，又符合原文的結構形式。但這兩種語言之間還有許多差別，如完整照譯，勢必出現“英化漢語”，這時就需要“意譯’，—在忠實原文內容的前提下，擺脫原文結構的束縛，使譯文符合漢語的規範。特別要注意的是：“直譯”不等於“死譯”，“意譯”也不等於“亂譯”。試比較： 

    1．直譯與死譯

     原文結構與漢語的結構是一致的，照譯即可。但如果原文 結構與漢語的不一致，仍然採取直譯的方法，就成“死譯”了。

     如：①In some automated plants electronic computers control the entire production line.
　　在某些自動化工廠，電子電腦控制整個生產線。（直譯）

 ②The earth acts like a big magnet．
　　地球作用著像一塊大磁鐵。（死譯）

  ③Manganese has the same effect on the strength of steel as silicon.
 　　錳有同樣的影響在強度的鋼上像矽。（死譯）

     例②、例③既不忠實原意，又不符合漢語的表達方式。因此，必須運用“詞類轉換”廣成分轉換”、“詞（語）序調整”等手段使譯文通順。例②、例③應分別譯為：“地球的作用像一塊大磁鐵。…“錳像矽一樣會影響鋼的強度。”

     2．意譯和亂譯

     只有在正確理解原文的基礎上，運用相應的翻譯方法以調整原文結構，用規範的漢語加以表達，這才真正做到“意譯”。翻譯實踐證明，大量英語句子的漢譯都要採取“意譯法”。

     如果把“意譯”理解為憑主觀臆想來理解原文，可以不分析原文結構，只看詞面意義，自己編造句子，勢必造成“亂譯”。如：

     It is easy to compress a gas,it is just a matter of reducing the space 
     between the molecules. Like a liquid a gas has no shape,but unlike a liquid
   it will expand and fill any container it is put in.

     氣體是很容易壓縮的，這正是壓縮分子之間距離的根據。氣體和液體一樣沒有形狀，但又不同於液體，氣體膨脹時會充滿任何盛放它的容器。（亂譯）

     例句中的“亂譯’’是由主觀臆想（不正確選擇詞義、任意轉換成分）造成的。在這裏，將matter譯成“根據”在物理學上是講不通的，因為“壓縮氣體也就是減少分子之間的距離”，兩者是一回事。matter應作“事情”、“問題”解。

     將will expand任意轉換為時間狀語，致使不符合原義。will expand and fill應譯為“會擴張並充滿”。綜上所述，原譯文可改為“氣體很容易壓縮，那只不過是縮小分子之間的距離而已。氣體和液體一樣沒有形狀，但又不同於液體，因為氣體會擴張並充滿任何盛放它的容器。”

     就翻譯方法而論，總的來說，就是“直譯法和意譯法相結合”，又可細分為“照譯”、“詞義引伸”、“成分轉換”、“句轉成分”等譯法。

 [中國翻譯家聯盟 2004-2-13] 第569次點擊 
1.改變詞類Conversion。英語一個詞能充當的句子成分較少，充當不同成分時常常要改變詞類。

Insulin　is　used　in　the　treatment　of　diabetes.
This　issue　is　of　paramount　importance.
Rationing　by　points　is　over　and　rationing by the purse　is　in.
Oceanography　has　been　defined　as　"The　application　of　all　sciences　to　the　study　of　the　sea".　

2.　選詞用字Diction。
Before　Hugo　could　protest,　he　and　the　others　were　led　away.　(抗議-分辯)
Put　a　teaspoonful　of　tea　in　the　pot　and　then　you　just　add　the　boiling　water　to　it　and　let　it　stand.　
(稍等片刻再喝)
It's　a　crime　you　didn't　finish　school.　(憾事)

3.詞序調整Inversion。一個句子中詞和分句的順序，英漢兩種語言往往不同。如表示時間和地點，英語常常是先小後大，而漢語是先大後小。
His　address　is　3612　Market　Street, Philadelphia, PA　19001.　USA.
Don't　hesitate　to　come　when　you　need　help.
black　and　white　TV;　iron　and　steel　company

4.省略Omission
You　cannot　build　a　ship,　a　bridge　or　a　house　if　you　don't　know　how　to　make　a　design　or　how　to　read　it.
It　took　him　a　long　time　to　reach　the　bottom　and　to　couch　behind　a　little　dwarf　palm.　

5.增詞Amplification。英語中沒有量詞，助詞，翻譯時應根據上下文的需要予以增加。有些英語的不及物動詞必須增加賓語意思才完整。
I　could　knit　when　I　was　seven.
Without　a　sense　of　your　fault, how　can　repentance　and　amendment　be　expected﹖　
Walking　past　the　Garden　of　Eden, Adam's　son　asked　his　father:　"Who　owns　that　large　estate﹖"
"That's　where　your　mother　and　I　used　to　live."　replied　Adam. "before　she　ate　us　out　of　house　and　home."

6.重複Repetition
Practically　every　river　has　an　upper, a　middle　and　a　lower　part.　上游，中游，下游
If　an　atom　contains　three　protons,　it　must　have　three　electrons　to　be　electrically　neutral.

7.正譯反譯法Negation
The　Organization　has　not,　so　far,　justified　the　hopes　which　the　people　set　on　it.　(辜負)
Suddenly　he　heard　a　sound　behind　him,　and　realized　he　was　not　alone　in　the　garage.　(還有別人)
If　a　patient　at　Beth　Israel　is　not　responding　to　treatment.　it　is　not　uncommon　for　his　nurse　to　propose　another　approach　to　his　doctor.　1993.

8.分譯法Division。英語長句多，為了符合漢語表達習慣，可將英語長句拆成短句。
It　was　a　real　challenge　that　those　who　had　learned　from　us　now　excelled　us.　
It　has　been　rightly　stated　that　this　situation　is　a　threat　to　international　security.
Because　they　tremble　at　the　thought　of　being　seen　in　public　in　clothes　that　are　out　of　fashion,　they　are　always　taken　advantage　of　by　the　designers　and　the　big　stores.　1993.

9.常見短語和重要句型的翻譯
1)It　goes　without　saying　that…不言而喻的是……
2)It　is　common　knowledge　that…眾所周知的是……
3)It　occurs　to　me　that…我突然想起
4)It　is　not　that...but　that…並不是說……而是說
5)　某些含蓄否定的翻譯　
Plants　which　refine　crude　ores　are　often　located　in　countries　other　than　those　in　which　the　crude　ores　are　mined.　　提煉礦石的工廠通常不是設在開採礦石的國家，而是設在其他國家。

6)more...than...與其說……不如說……
She　is　more　like　his　mother　than　like　his　teacher.

7)no　more...than...和……一樣都不
There　is　no　reason　they　should　limit　how　much　vitamin　you　take any　more　than　they　can　limit　how　much　water　you　drink.　

他們沒有理由限制你服用多少維生素，就像他們不能限制你喝多少水一樣。

8)not...all....　all　is...not...並不是……都……
All　that　glitters　is　not　gold.
Both　of　the　books　are　not　helpful.　
Everyone　doesn't　want　to　go　to　the　concert.

9)cannot...too...無論……也不過分
We　can't　praise　him　too　much.
10)much　less,　still　less　to　say　nothing　of,　not　to　mention　let　alone更不用說

He　knows　little　of　mathematics, and　still　less　of　chemistry.
In　old　China,　there　was　hardly　any　machine-building　industry,　to　say　nothing　of　an　electronic　industry.
All　they　have　to　do　is　to　press　a　button,　and　they　can　see　plays,　films,　operas　and　shows　of　every　kind,　not　to　mention　political　discussions　and　the　latest　exciting　football　match.

11)so...that...如此……以至於
And　home　appliances　will　also　become　so　smart　that　controlling　and　operating　them　will　result　in　the　breakout　of　a　new　psychological　disorder-kitchen　rage.　　

12)　not　so　much...as...與其說……不如說……
Science　moves　forward,　they　say,　not　so　much　through　the　insights　of　great　men　of　genius　as　because　of　more　ordinary　things　like　improved　techniques　and　tools.　　

13)not...because...(否定轉移)並不是因為……
The　police　didn't　arrest　me　because　I　committed　any　crime.　They　said　I　was　wandering　on　the　street　with　the　intent　of　committing　an　arrestable　offense.

14)　anything...but...一點也不，決不　nothing...but...就是，僅僅，but　for...要不是……
The　method　of　scientific　investigation　is　nothing　but　the　expression　of　the　necessary　mode　of　working　of　the　human　mind,　it　is　simply　the　mode　by　which　all　phenomena　are　reasoned　about　and　given　precise　and　exact　explanations.　
Alone　in　a　deserted　house,　he　was　so　busy　with　his　research　work　that　he　felt　anything　but　lonely.　　
But　for　your　timely　help,　we　couldn't　have　finished　the　work　on　time.

15)as特殊狀語從句，譯為定語從句
　"In　short",　a　leader　of　the　new　school　contends,　"the　scientific　revolution,　as　we　call　it,　was　largely　the　improvement　and　invention　and　use　of　a　series　of　instruments　that　expanded　the　reach　of　science　in　innumerable　directions."　　

16)　what　is　called...所謂的，所說的……(東西)
One　difficulty　is　that　almost　all　of　what　is　called　behavioral　science　continues　to　trace　behavior　to　states　of　mind,　feelings,　traits　of　character,　human　nature　and　so　on.　　

17)such...as...諸如……
Whether　to　use　tests,　other　kinds　of　information,　or　both　in　a　particular　situation　depends,　therefore,　upon　the　evidence　from　experience　concerning　comparative　validity　and　upon　such　factors　as　cost　and　availability.　　

18)not...not...雙重否定，可依情況譯為沒有……不……，或每一個……，都……

10.注意英語慣用法，俚語和俗語的翻譯。
Mr.　Wilson　talks　a　lot,　but　Mrs.　Wilson　wears　the　trousers　in　their　house.
It　seems　to　me　what　is　sauce　for　the　goose　is　sauce　for　the　gander.  公鵝.
I　hope　she　will　always　feel　like　a　daughter　of　America,　and　not　like　a　stepchild.
It's　a　lot　easier　to　get　in　the　hole　than　to　get　out　again.

轉載自:http://www.bime.ntu.edu.tw/~dsfon/Dingren/translation/method31.htm

翻譯是一種「動態對應」，一般來說，這是指文字風格，社會效應也是這樣。以《布魯克林有棵樹》為例： 因四五十年代的讀者，美國很多人剛經歷過大蕭條和世界大戰，對書中記載記憶猶新，故而此書十分暢銷。但是近年美國經濟又不怎麼景氣了，此書又熱了起來。此書譯介後，《經濟觀察報》上有篇文章，說深圳關外的一個讀者在看此書，將深圳關外比作了布魯克林，如下是深圳關外一棵樹」的描述：

「他說自己看過一本叫《布魯克林有棵樹》，大約是講一個住在布魯克林貧民區的小女孩回憶童年的故事，她後來成了大作家。他很喜歡這本書，但沒能講清楚為什麼喜歡。也許是因為深圳和紐約很像，紐約有個布魯克林區，住的多是下層市民，從東歐來的猶太人，以及斯拉夫國家來的窮人，而深圳有個「關外」，住的多是外來的打工者。從布魯克林裡走出了很多知名的企業家和美國名流，希望「關外」也能走出可以幸福生活的人。

文學有時候就能這樣，出其不意地幫我們在一個不同的層面上，理解我們自己的處境，讓我們活得稍微超脫一些，灑脫一些。

這是文學翻譯作品引進重要性的一個完美佐證。把一個好的作家或者作品帶進來，帶出去，最終會產生什麼樣的共鳴，根本無法預料。這就像聖經裡耶穌說的撒種子，有的種子撒下去遇到了好土地，生根發芽，有的被鳥啄走風吹走，有的發芽然後被曬死。可是這一切你都別管，那是土地的事，不是撒種者的事情。

在美國媒體上的幾篇關於翻譯的文章中，我都看到了《翻譯為什麼重要》（Why Translation Matters）一書的介紹。所以托圖書館借來，發現才出版不久（2010年版）。

此書為耶魯大學「為什麼……重要」（Why X Matters）講座系列之一。作者做了兩次講座，一次是泛泛而談說作者、翻譯和而今的讀者，一次是談她翻譯賽凡提斯的體驗。後來她又補充了一章，「詩歌翻譯」。

和大部分文學翻譯一樣，伊蒂絲．格羅斯曼（Edith Grossman）平日做老師，業餘當翻譯（sunlighting in teaching, moonlighting in translation）。她主要翻譯從事西班牙語－英語翻譯，其作品《唐吉訶德》是一公認的名譯。

不過翻譯的重要性這個話題讓一個翻譯來說，是頗尷尬的事情，這像是自賣自誇。可是這個話題又是不得不談。這涉及到兩個問題，我已經討論過多次，一是報酬和社會地位，一是自我認同感。前者是社會跟翻譯過不去，後者是翻譯跟自己過不去，二者一為橫軸一為縱軸，形成一個坐標系，翻譯卻往往在上面找不到北。

不少文學翻譯都有「正式工作」，跟玩票一樣在做翻譯。但這畢竟是一項耗時又未必討好的工作。從這本書，尤其是詩歌翻譯的談論裡，能看到格羅斯曼對兩種語境（包括不同時代）和詩歌風格瞭若指掌，她完全知道她在做什麼。就是這樣，還免不了有一些以偏概全通盤否定（dismissive reviews）的評論。在中國這樣的評論者更是比比皆是。不負責的翻譯是有，可是不負責的評論更多，讓一些譯者感到氣餒。可是唯一的對付辦法，就跟本書作者那樣，一直翻一直翻下去，最終那些不負責任的評論自然沒人理睬。和任何其他行當一樣，文學翻譯也需要抗壓能力和定力，甚至更需要。

翻譯的重要性可以往大裡去說。沒有翻譯，就沒有歐洲的文藝復興，沒有中國的新文化運動。這些文化復興和運動，直接就是翻譯引進外來思想所致。可是翻譯也帶來了一些值得爭議的東西，比如將一個學說、一家之言、一個假說從一國傳到另外一國，結果變成了真理。達爾文的進化論北引進過來，就是個明顯的例子，在美國，創造論和進化論至今仍在交鋒，可是在中國，這個假說就一直是中小學課本裡當真理來教的，很少有人質疑。

可是作者雖然題目起的是《為什麼翻譯重要》，事實上寫的是文學翻譯這個小的系統。正是在這裡，我們受到了一些啟發。關於文學翻譯懷疑人生的問題，作者說得最多。

第一個問題是原創性的問題。翻譯是一種公認的再創造，可是這個「再」字很要命。任何一個翻譯，「私下裡都認為自己就是一個作家。」翻譯希望和作家掛鈎。這是翻譯要過的一個心理坎子。

誠然，作家帶來的創作，是可以傳世的。據說托爾斯泰臨死之前，《齊瓦哥醫生》的作者帕斯捷爾納克就在病榻前，托爾斯泰告訴帕斯捷爾納克：一切都會過去的，金錢，權勢，甚至國家，然而如果你的作品中如果留下了什麼有價值的東西，它才會傳留。可是力岡老師翻譯的《齊瓦哥醫生》會不會傳留呢？

不是所有人都敢於承認自己有這個興趣，也不是所有譯者都有這個信心。不過人們往往覺得自己的身分價值，和自己「創造」出來的東西聯繫在一起。今天我們知道，林琴南是個古怪的翻譯家，但其本人最為自豪的非為翻譯，而是文章。他甚至大言不慚地說：「六百年中，震川外無一人敢當我者。」這個合乎桐城派章法的文章大家，如今人們記不得他都寫了什麼，卻都知道他翻了那些。

同樣既寫又譯的威廉．卡洛斯．威廉姆斯就沒他們這些顧慮：

「如果我能寫原創作品，那不錯，很好。可是如果我（我的意思是寫作形式）翻譯他人的作品，那也很有價值。這兩者哪裡有什麼區別？（What difference does it make?）

確實，原創未必一定就有價值。是傅雷翻譯的《高老頭》有價值呢，還是一些用內分泌用下半身寫出來的作品有價值呢？這個答案是明顯的。

所以翻譯也是一門獨特的藝術，未必得屈膝於作家，未必得在「原創」面前低眉順眼。

有些原創反倒是喝翻譯奶水長大的。好的翻譯是可以豐富一個語言，一國或一人之文學。上文說的威廉姆斯，還有龐德、村上春樹、戴望舒、魯迅，都是寫譯相長。在翻譯的過程當中，一些外來的語彙和別樣的表達，會讓一個語言更為豐富。跨越語言的互動，在文學的交流和傳播中極有價值。書中舉的一個例子很有說服力：福克納的寫作，沿襲了西班牙和拉丁美洲文學的一些傳統，以至於他被人戲稱為「美國的拉丁美洲作家」。由於福克納文字的西語文學氣質，西班牙語世界的作家視其為己出。賈西亞．馬奎斯在早年，就如饑似渴地翻看福克納所有的作品，並公開承認福克納對他的諸多影響。這就是英語世界和西班牙語世界的一次有趣的撞擊。95年，柯林頓訪問哥倫比亞的時候，就讓福克納「魂歸故里」。柯林頓和哥倫比亞主人聊起了《百年孤獨》，哥倫比亞方面說到了福克納，記憶力過人的柯林頓居然站起來，大段大段背誦起《喧囂和騷動》來。

文學翻譯促成了這些文學界的交流，最終也促進了兩國之間的友好往來。如果說一個科學家可以抵得上五個師的話，一個好的翻譯，在兩國的交流當中，抵得上一個外交使團。文化的水乳交融，相互影響，是各民族交往無形的潤滑劑。優秀的作家，既是民族的也是世界的。可是借助於翻譯，他（她）才能變成世界的。文學是沒有國界的，但是跨界的時候，得過翻譯這一關。世界上有六千多種語言，即便一千種有書面文字，我們懂一門語言，還有999朵文字的玫瑰，我們看不見嗅不著。當然，是不是要多嗅呢？這是後話，我們押後再說。

翻譯重要性的另外一個心理坎子，是翻譯到底算不算一門獨特的藝術？如果是一門藝術。是哪門子藝術呢？
 
書中說是闡釋藝術（interpretive art）。作者在這裡，提出了翻譯身分焦慮症的一劑解藥。這解藥和我們所用的比喻有關。我們常提「目的語言」和「來源語言」，彷彿這是一個搬運的過程，事實比這複雜。翻譯就如同跨越靈界的巫師，一邊聽著這邊在講，說著那個世界的話語，又同時出現在另外一個世界裡。翻譯得認真聆聽兩個世界的聲音，熟悉各自的文學傳統，歷史體驗，文化差異和兩種文法、辭彙的結構。這不是一件容易的事情，所以才會有「闡釋」一說。

那麼翻譯工作的一個追求，就是透過這樣的闡釋，再現一種作品的美麗來。這和音樂是一回事。貝多芬已經死了，我們再想聽到他的《第九交響樂》怎麼辦，聽別人指揮的作品。可是富爾特文格勒有富爾特文格勒的指揮風格，卡拉揚有卡拉揚的指揮風格。卡拉揚就是貝多芬的翻譯。我們不說這叫翻譯，叫「演繹」。

事實上，我們這世界上任何人，但凡是要表達，誰不是在「演繹」或者「翻譯」呢？如果柏拉圖是對的，世間萬事萬物，都是一些「理念」的模仿，影子。而表達，則是影子的影子。我們都要把我們腦海中的理念，圖景，模糊的想法，「翻譯」成我們各自熟悉的文字，有時候我們說得接近一些，有時候不那麼接近，我們都是在「演繹」。如果我們每個人能夠精準地表達我們腦海裡出現的每一件事物，大部分戰爭都可以避免。當然也可能在理解之後，出現新的戰爭。翻譯就彷彿給我們開了天眼，讓我們看到了從前不曾看見的東西。
 
由此我想到了另外一個問題。人是一個矛盾的東西。世界好多人，坐井觀天地活著，反而很踏實很自鳴得意，也挺好。反倒是一些眼界打開的人，身子卻還陷在舊的生活裡，就好比被人追趕卻動盪不得的噩夢，活得也很痛苦。眼界打開，這是一條不歸路。從這個意義上說，翻譯也是坑人的。馬奎斯說他在看到卡夫卡的《變形記》之後，「我再也沒法帶著以前的寧靜去入睡了。」

直到後來跑去寫了《百年孤獨》，然後才睡了個好覺。

接下來讀者睡不著了。

出處:翻譯雜談︰翻譯為何？ - 扎誌 - udn部落格http://blog.udn.com/jason080/4079304#ixzz1R9wzP2Uk

英漢互譯時的詞序問題

I．兩種語言的總體比較：

   一方面，英漢兩種語言都是按照事物發展的客觀規律進行的，因而有其共同點，例如：

     In order to communicate thoughts and feelings, people invented a conventional system  of signs
      or symbols which mean the same to the sender and the receiver.

     (為了更好的交流思想和感情，人們設計出了通常用的標記和符號系統，而這標記和符號交流雙方都能看的懂。)

 以上的幾個例句在英漢兩種語言裏的詞序都是一樣的；而除此以外，還存在著很多不同點。另一方面，兩種語言又有許多不同點。下面就英漢兩種語言的不同點進行比較：漢語比較注重事物發展的客觀順序，先發生什麼，後發生什麼，結果怎樣，最後才加上作者的評論和觀點，不管有多少動詞都可以並列、排比使用，不會出現詞法、句法等的衝突 。

主題顯著，突出主題，而非單單的一個主語，注重句子的“意和”，這就要求我們透過句子的表層結構，深入到句子的內涵，先抓“整體”印象，充分理解過以後再把原文的意思形象翻譯出來。而英語則不然，英語突出主語，往往是評論、觀點在前，敍述、原因在後；表面形式上追求句子的“形和” ，對句子的結構要求非常嚴謹，特別強調句子結構的平衡，往往借助於句法、詞法（如主從句、分詞、不定式等手段）來維持句子表面上的平衡、完整性，極力避免句子的“頭重腳輕”（因此，也就出現了許多“it is said that…” 等等無主句）。

所以，英文則是把作者的觀點、主張放在前面，以後再跟著原因、結果和目的等等從句。這些現象在新聞英語裏尤其明顯，難怪有人說，“ 漢語的句子結構好比一根竹子，一節一節地連下去，而英語的句子結構好比一竄葡萄，主杆可能很短，累累的果實附著在上面。” 具體情況如下：  

II．英漢互譯時的時間順序對比：

   1. The old-fashioned general store is fast disappearing. This is, perhaps, a pity, because shopping 
       today seems to lack that personal element which existed when shop keeper knew all
       his regular customers personally.
         舊時的百貨店很快就消失了。過去，店主私下裏都認識他的老主顧們，而在今天這種事情再也不復存在了，這實在是太可惜了。

    2．American education  owes a great deal  to  Tomas Jefferson.
　　湯瑪斯.傑弗遜為美國的教育作出了很大的貢獻。

   下面的句子屬倒裝句型，是典型的英漢在翻譯時的順序差異：

    1. Under the dust was a color map of Paris.      巴黎地圖上佈滿了灰塵。

    2.Written on the card was a message under the printed Happy Birthday.     
　　 卡片上“生日快樂”字樣的下麵寫著一條消息。
                 
    正是由於以上的原因，才會出現兩種語言在思維習慣、邏輯推理上的不同：

 III．英漢互譯時邏輯思維順序上的差異：

    如上所述，如果一個句子裏既有敍事的部分，又有表態的部分，在漢語裏往往是敍事在前，表態在後，敍事部分可以很長，表態部分一般都很短。而在英語裏則往往相反，表態在前，敍事在後。例如：

   1．表原因：
      a. I am very happy and grateful to receive your message of greetings.
                   接到你們的賀函， 我十分愉快和感謝。

    不過，處理這種句行時要注意英漢互譯時的順序問題，例如：

    My friend asked the question when I told him that I didn't want to be considered for an 
    administrative position. He was puzzled that I did not want what was obviously 
    a "step up" toward what all Americans are taught to want when they grow up: money and power.   

     所有美國人受的教育就是:長大成人後應該追求金錢和權力，而我卻偏偏不要明明是朝這個目標 "邁進"的工作, 他對此大或不解。

2. 表目的 
The two sides agreed that it is desirable to broaden the understanding between the two peoples。

              雙方同意，擴大兩國人民之間的瞭解是可取的。

3. 表條件和結果時的順序：

     a. One can never succeed  without making great  efforts.
         1（ 結果）           2（條件）

       譯文：
        (  不努力       就不會成功。)
        2（條件）    1（結果）

4.在表示讓步的句子裏，通常也是原因在前，結果在後：

      Young as he is , he works hard.        儘管他很年輕，可他工作很買力。

    另外：下面的這個句子也可以視為結果一類的句子，它的英漢兩種語言的順序很能說明問題：

      c.   Large numbers of talented persons  have come to the fore in today’s education 
　　circle. 在當今的教育界， 已經湧現出了大批的優秀人才。

      d. Little is known about the effect of life-long drinking.     
       人們關於終生飲酒的效果卻知道的很少 。

IＶ. 因語法手段而造成的英漢次序不一

  1．另外一些表示存在句的句子裏也可見到大量的英漢次序不一的現象：
     There was rising in him a dreadful uneasiness; something very precious that he wanted 
　　to hold seemed close to destruction.

      他心裏湧起一種難言的焦灼，因為他原來一直想保住的東西現在好象要毀滅了。

      另外，英語裏的有些形式主語也大都採用了倒裝詞序：

  2. 無主句：

      It suddenly dawned on me that this express was not roaring down the line at ninety 
      miles an  hour, but barely chugging along at thirty.

     後來，我才突然明白，這次快車並非以90英里的時速疾弛而下，而只不過是以30英里的時速慢慢向前行駛。

       It is reported that …………

  3．在某些表示“融合性”的定語從句中：
      a. There are many people who want to see the film.   （許多人要看這部電影）
      b. There is a man downstairs who wants to see you.   （樓下有人要見你）

  4. 倒裝句型
      a. Not a single word have we written down as yet. （否定）   (我們連一個字都沒有寫。)
      b. Little does he realize the danger he is in   （否定）    (他一點都沒有意識到危險性。)

V. 因句子結構轉換而造成的詞序不一:
 

    Cold drinks will be available at the Sports Center.
      運動中心也提供冷飲。      (狀語轉譯成主語)

VI. 注意下面的一些特殊的結構：

 　 中國自從改革開放以來，發生了很大的變化。
       有人竟然翻譯成：

    1.  誤：Since China’s policy of reform and opening, China has taken place a great many changes.

        正：A great many changes have taken place in China since the policy of reform and opening to
　　　　 the outside world.

    2.輪子是西元前六世紀發明的。
        600 B.C. saw the invention of wheel.
                 
下面是翻譯的題目，大家做做看，注意前面提到的語序：

1. 離開教室之前，請一定不要忘記關掉所有的電燈。

　Be sure to turn off all the lights before you leave the classroom.

2. 一聽到這個不幸的消息，他就禁不住哭了起來。

　She broke into tears when she learned the bad news.

3. 他認為學好英語不是一件容易的事情。

　He doesn’t think it easy to learn English

4. 他把自己的成功歸因於運氣，而不是能力。

          He attributed his success to luck instead of ability.

5. 經濟不景氣，要想找一份滿意的工作太難了。

         It’s difficult to find a satisfactory job now because of the sluggish economy.

6. 這次晚會如果組織得好，可以很成功。

         The party will turn out to be very successful if well arranged.

轉載自: http://www.bime.ntu.edu.tw/~dsfon/Dingren/translation/method15.htm

轉載自:http://sex.ncu.edu.tw/members/Ho/study/2006spring_translation/st2006s_ch-eng2.htm

科技文獻翻譯中的漢語表達

一篇修辭正確、邏輯合理、語言簡潔、文理通順的譯文，讓讀者感覺不到翻譯腔的存在，這正是我們為之苦苦追求的目標。近日，筆者完成了一份篇幅較長的英文資料翻譯，經導師李留保副譯審校改後，發現自己存在的主要問題是中文的表達，有時候過於強調對原文的"忠實"，譯出來的句子令人費解，從中更進一步意識到加強中文修養的重要性。同樣的一句話，譯者可根據自己的理解加以表達，能否再現原文的精髓，就涉及到譯者的中文水平。總的來講，所使用的漢語應符合規範，這是在翻譯過程中應共同遵循的原則。筆者擬就該份資料翻譯中漢語表達曾經存在的問題談談自己的體會。

一、不符合漢語邏輯

就象不能將 back and forth 按 照原文詞序譯為"回回來來"而只能按漢語的表達習慣和語言邏輯譯為"來來回回"一樣，翻譯時運用漢語邏輯，將詞序作適當調整，使譯文符合漢語表達習慣，避免翻譯腔，是很有必要的。在此次翻譯中就發現有好多處表達均存在不符合漢語邏輯的情況，譯文看起來很彆扭。

1. Technical problems were of greatest importance in the case studies where
 there were weak links between relatively developed grids.

原譯：技術問題是案例研究中最重要的內容，兩個相對發達的電網之間存在著薄弱的連接。

改譯：在兩個……薄弱的連接時，技術問題在案例研究中最具重要性。

2. If power sector reform proceeds, then access to transmission network and 
transmission pricing could become constraints to trade.

原譯：若進行電力改革，則這種進入輸電網和輸電的定價就將制約貿易。

改譯：……，……就將成為貿易的制約條件。

3. Where pooling arrangements are set in place, appropriate management 
structures are required and voting rules should ensure a high degree of 
consensus on the operation of the pool.

原譯：電力市場運轉的高度一致要求制定適當的電力市場協議、相應的管理機構和選舉制度。

改譯：在已簽定電力市場協定的地方，需要適當的管理機構，並且選舉制度應能確保電力市場運轉的高度一致。

上述3例中且不說翻譯技巧的處理，僅中文表達而言，原譯或多或少地違背了中文表達邏輯性很強的要求。

二、過於強調"忠實"使原文與譯文貌合神離

有時候又過於依賴字典，未聯繫上下文仔細推敲就照搬字典意思，結果使譯文與原文相距甚遠。

4. There are no "distress sales" where the price exceeds that of the most 
expensive plant.

一開始，筆者按字典上查到的基本意思將 distress 譯為"痛苦的"，後來覺得不妥，又根據字典中對"強迫著陸(distress 1anding)" 的譯法，將其改為"強迫"，似乎也不是最好的。最後經過導師改譯成"虧本"，實現了原文擬表達的真實含義。

5. Every dog has his day. 

若譯為"每條狗都有他的日子"，對原文可謂達到了絕對的忠實，然而，該句話要表達的實際意思是"人人都有自己得意的時候"。可見，一味的忠實，不一定能準確再現原文的真實含義。

6. She is available for that job. 

將 available 譯為"她勝任那項工作"遠比譯為"她對那項工作是適合的"要好，並且更準確地體現了原文的意義。

三、中文修辭不當表達中存在明顯的翻譯腔

未經修改前，譯文似乎也將原文的基本意義表達出來了，但整篇通讀後總感覺不是地道的中文，明顯存在翻譯腔，而查對原文則發現英文表達簡明扼要。

7. Incentives for cost minimization are increased, and costs become more 
transparent.

原譯：對降低成本的刺激被增加了，成本變得更為透明。

改譯：增加了對成本的極小化的刺激，成本更具透明度。

8. Transmission typically accounts for around l0% of final energy costs in a 
mature system.

筆者將 mature 譯為"成熟的"，改譯後用"考慮周到的"表示，就更符合中文修辭。

9. Ash disposal is a significant consideration.

10. The agreement is unique, as it has been negotiated before the 400kV 
transmission line is built.

在例 9、 10 中，分別將 significant consideration 和 unique 由原譯"重要的考慮事項"、"唯一獨特的"改為"重要的問題"、"頗具特色"，突出漢語的精煉。

四、表達囉嗦、不簡潔

11. Irrespective of the approach, it is important to agree tariffs before investments proceed.

原譯：不論採用哪種方法，在投資前達成一致同意的電價是重要的。

改譯：不論方法如何，重要的是投資前達成一致同意的電價。

12. This system requires confidence in the cost information, and this is reinforced by cost auditing.

原譯：這種系統要求對成本資料有把握，它可以通過審計成本得到強化。

改譯：該系統要求信賴成本資料，並通過審計成本而得以強化。

省略不必要的詞，並作詞序調整。

13. They are often associated with requests to safeguard investments - and perhaps the transmission lines associated with them - that may raise security issues in the country concerned.

原譯：它們通常與保護投資的要求結合在一起，或許與保護輸電線路的要求結合在一起--那就可能會引發有關國家的安全問題。

將上句中劃線部分改譯為"或許涉及到輸電線路"，重複的部分去掉，而且還刪去筆者增加的"保護"一詞，以免引起誤會。

14. ...this tie can only be used to serve loads in northern Andra Pradesh 
when power has to be sent south.

原譯：該條線路只有當 Andra Pradesh 必需電力時才不得不往南方送電，否則僅向北方地區提供負荷。

改譯：該條線路只有當電力必須南送時才用於向北部 Andra pradesh 提供負荷。

轉載自:http://www.bime.ntu.edu.tw/~dsfon/Dingren/translation/method38.htm

成功人士的50個共通點：

一、成功人士會尋找、找出一般人看不到的機會。

 二、成功人士會找出問題所在，警惕自己，而一般人卻只看到問題表面。

三、成功人士專注於解決問題。

四、成功人士知道要設法讓自己成功，一般人則期待成功的降臨。

五、成功人士與大家一樣會心生恐懼，但卻不讓恐懼控制或限制住他們。

六、成功人士會提出適切的問題－該問題會讓他們的有著正面、有效率、有創造力的心態以及情緒。

七、成功人是幾乎不抱怨(因為浪費精力)，抱怨會讓抱怨者處於負面、無效率的狀態。

八、成功人士會對自己的行動、事情的結果負全責(或不足)，不會怪罪別人(怪罪別人有意義嗎？)

九、成功人士並不見得比大多數的人優秀，但他們一定把潛力發揮到極致，並有效利用自身的能力。

十、成功人士雖然忙，但卻很有效率而且主動積極。大多數人躺在沙發上、計畫、想太多、原地踏步毫無作為時，成功人士已起身把事情做完了。

十一、成功人士瞭解身為團體成員的重要性，於是會把自己放入類似思想模式的人群中，以創造雙贏的關係。

十二、成功人士具雄心壯志，要就要最好的－為何不呢？他們選擇過最好的生活，而不是日復一日地以相同的模式過活。

十三、成功人士很清楚、明瞭自己要(不要)過哪種生活，他們實際想像、規劃實際要的事物，而不像其他人一樣，只當個旁觀者。

十四、成功人士強調創新，而非模仿。

十五、成功人士做事絕不拖延，不會浪費生命等待「對的」時機。

十六、成功人士活到老學到老，不斷地使自己成長，不是正式(學術)、非正式的(專心看、聆聽、詢問、閱讀，)，就是作或嘗試去實驗，又或三者皆有。

50 Things Successful People Have in Common“:

1. They look for and find opportunities where others see nothing.

2. They find a lesson while others only see a problem.

 3. They are solution focused.

4. They consciously and methodically create their own success, while others hope success will find them.

5. They are fearful like everyone else, but they are not controlled or limited by fear.

6. They ask the right questions – the ones which put them in a productive, creative, positive mindset and emotional state.

7. They rarely complain (waste of energy). All complaining does is put the complainer in a negative and unproductive state.

8. They don’t blame (what’s the point?). They take complete responsibility for their actions and outcomes (or lack thereof).

9. While they are not necessarily more talented than the majority, they always find a way to maximize their potential. They get more out of themselves. They use what they have more effectively.

10. They are busy, productive and proactive. While most are laying on the couch, planning, over-thinking, sitting on their hands and generally going around in circles, they are out there getting the job done.

11. They align themselves with like-minded people. They understand the importance of being part of a team. They create win-win relationships.

12. They are ambitious; they want amazing – and why shouldn’t they? They consciously choose to live their best life rather than spending it on auto-pilot.

13. They have clarity and certainty about what they want (and don’t want) for their life. They actually visualize and plan their best reality while others are merely spectators of life.

14. They innovate rather than imitate.

15. They don’t procrastinate and they don’t spend their life waiting for the ‘right time’.

16. They are life-long learners. They constantly work at educating themselves, either formally (academically), informally (watching, listening, asking, reading, student of life) or experientially (doing, trying)… or all three.

17. They are glass half full people – while still being practical anddown-to-earth. They have an ability to find the good.

18. They consistently do what they need to do, irrespective of how they are feeling on a given day. They don’t spend their life stopping and starting.

19. They take calculated risks – financial, emotional, professional, psychological.

20. They deal with problems and challenges quickly and effectively, they don’t put their head in the sand. They face their challenges and use them to improve themselves.

21. They don’t believe in, or wait for fate, destiny, chance or luck to determine or shape their future. They believe in, andare committed to actively and consciously creating their own best life.

22. While many people are reactive, they are proactive. They take action before they have to.

23. They are more effective than most at managing their emotions. They feel like we all do but they are not slaves to their emotions.

24. They are good communicators and they consciously work at it.

25. They have a plan for their life and they work methodically at turning that plan into a reality. Their life is not a clumsy series of unplanned events and outcomes.

26. Their desire to be exceptional means that they typically do things that most won’t. They become exceptional by choice. We’re all faced with live-shaping decisions almost daily. Successful people make the decisions that most won’t and don’t.

27. While many people are pleasure junkies and avoid pain and discomfort at all costs, successful people understand the value and benefits of working through the tough stuff that most would avoid.

28. They have identified their core values (what is important to them) and they do their best to live a life which is reflective of those values.

29. They have balance. While they may be financially successful, they know that the terms money and success are not interchangeable. They understand that people who are successful on a financial level only, are not successful at all. Unfortunately we live in a society which teaches that money equals success. Like many other things, money is a tool. It’s certainly not a bad thing but ultimately, it’s just another resource. Unfortunately, too many people worship it.

30. They understand the importance of discipline and self-control. They are strong. They are happy to take the road less traveled.

31. They are secure. They do not derive their sense of worth of self from what they own, who they know, where they live or what they look like.

32. They are generous and kind. They take pleasure in helping others achieve.

33. They are humble and they are happy to admit mistakes and to apologise. They are confident in their ability, but not arrogant. They are happy to learn from others. They are happy to make others look good rather than seek their own personal glory.

34. They are adaptable and embrace change, while the majority are creatures of comfort and habit. They are comfortable with, and embrace, the new and the unfamiliar.

35. They keep themselves in shape physically, not to be mistaken with training for the Olympics or being obsessed with their body. They understand the importance of being physically well. They are not all about looks, they are more concerned with function and health. Their body is not who they are, it’s where they live.

36. They have a big engine. They work hard and are not lazy.

37. They are resilient. When most would throw in the towel, they’re just warming up.

38. They are open to, and more likely to act upon, feedback.

39. They don’t hang out with toxic people.

40. They don’t invest time or emotional energy into things which they have no control of.

41. They are happy to swim against the tide, to do what most won’t. They are not people pleasers and they don’t need constant approval.

42. They are more comfortable with their own company than most.

43. They set higher standards for themselves (a choice we can all make), which in turn produces greater commitment, more momentum, a better work ethic and of course, better results.

44. They don’t rationalize failure. While many are talking about their age, their sore back, their lack of time, their poor genetics, their ‘bad luck’, their nasty boss and their lack of opportunities (all good reasons to fail), they are finding a way to succeed despite all their challenges.

1. They have an off switch. They know how to relax, enjoy what they have in their life and to have fun.
2. Their career is not their identity, it’s their job. It’s not who they are, it’s what they do.
3. They are more interested in effective than they are in easy. While the majority look for the quickest, easiest way (the shortcut), they look for the course of action which will produce the best results over the long term.
4. They finish what they start. While so many spend their life starting things that they never finish, successful people get the job done – even when the excitement and the novelty have worn off.
5. They are multi-dimensional, amazing, wonderful complex creatures (as we all are). They realize that not only are they physical and psychological beings, but emotional and spiritual creatures as well. They consciously work at being healthy and productive on all levels.
6. They practice what they preach. They don’t talk about the theory, they live the reality.

source:http://danwaldschmidt.com/2008/08/18/50-things-successful-people-have-in-common/

The copyright belongs to the writer and the website.

何謂支氣管炎？

支氣管炎這詞指的是肺部內的支氣管發炎。支氣管是把氣管連接到肺部組織的氣道，氣管與兩個主要支氣管相連，支氣管再分支多次成為更多網狀細支(支氣管和細支氣管)。這些細支的終點是在稱之為肺泡的顯微泡囊處，氧氣再由肺泡進入血液。支氣管炎就是支氣管有發炎，或者是支氣管在支氣管內層分泌過多黏液。

發炎通常是由像是感冒、流行性感冒、間接細菌感染(傳染性支氣管炎)的病毒感染造成的，支氣管炎也有可能是吸入讓肺部發炎的物質造成的，例如，化學污染物、灰塵、氨(用於一些清潔產品)、煙。患有其他肺部疾病的人，例如，氣喘，也像慢性鼻竇炎的人一樣，支氣管炎可能會經常發作。

人們患的支氣管炎通常輕微，一般不會造成任何長久的傷害，可是對老年人、吸煙者或其他患有慢性心臟或肺部疾病的人，可能讓支氣管炎更嚴重。

傳染性(急性)支氣管炎的症狀是什麼？

傳染性支氣管炎一般在冬天發作。初期通常和一般感冒的症狀類似—疲倦、喉嚨痛，之後才咳嗽。通常咳嗽初期會乾咳，之後會咳出白色、黃色或綠色的痰。嚴重的話可能會發燒。若症狀持續或益加嚴重，肺炎是支氣管炎的嚴重併發症，，醫生可能會讓您做胸部X光掃瞄，以確保支氣管炎沒併發肺炎。

慢性支氣管炎是什麼？

慢性支氣管炎與急性支氣管炎相反，醫生用慢性支氣管炎的術語來形容支氣管炎長期持續數月。年年都會咳嗽、支氣管內層也會分泌黏液，持續時間一次比一次久。慢性支氣管炎的成因通常是長期吸入刺激物，例如煙味。

肺部主要的變化是支氣管內層分泌更多黏液，導致咳嗽，而傳染性支氣管炎主要是呼吸道發炎，兩者不同。吸煙是導致慢性支氣管炎最常見的成因。

持續吸入刺激物通常會導致情況更加嚴重，呼吸道末稍發炎、損傷讓呼吸更困難。刺激物進一步破壞肺泡氣囊，可能會造成肺氣腫，這讓肺部無法支持身體其他部位運行，病人呼吸困難。支氣管炎和肺氣腫可能個別發生，但通常會一起發生。(譯文)

What is bronchitis?

Bronchitis is a term that means inflammation of the bronchi in the lungs. The bronchi are air passages that connect the windpipe (trachea) to the lung tissue. The trachea connects to 2 main bronchi which branch many times to form a network of increasingly fine passages (bronchi and bronchioles). These fine passages end at microscopic sacs called alveoli, where oxygen is taken up by the blood. In bronchitis the bronchi become inflamed or secrete excess mucus onto the lining of the bronchi.

The inflammation is usually caused by a viral infection such as cold or flu or a secondary bacterial infection (infectious bronchitis). However, bronchitis can also result from inhaling substances that irritate the lungs, such as chemical pollutants, dust, ammonia (used in some cleaning products) and smoke. People who have other lung problems, such as asthma, may get frequent attacks of bronchitis, as may people with chronic sinusitis.

Bronchitis is usually mild and normally doesn’t cause any long-term damage, but it can become serious in elderly people, people who smoke, or those who are chronically ill with heart or lung disease.

What are the symptoms of infectious (acute) bronchitis?

Infectious bronchitis commonly occurs in winter. It often starts with similar symptoms to that of a common cold — tiredness and a sore throat — then a cough develops. This cough is often dry at first but later on becomes productive, with white, yellow or green sputum being coughed up. If the attack is severe, fever may result.

If the symptoms persist or get worse, your doctor may send you for a chest X-ray to ensure you haven’t developed pneumonia, which can be a serious complication of bronchitis.

What is chronic bronchitis?

Chronic bronchitis, as opposed to acute bronchitis, is the term doctors use to describe bronchitis that goes on long-term, often for months. The coughing and mucus production can return each year and can last longer each time. Chronic bronchitis is usually caused by long-term inhalation of irritants, such as cigarette smoke.

The predominant change in the lungs is that more mucus is produced by the lining of the bronchi which leads to a cough, as opposed to infectious bronchitis which is predominantly inflammation of the airways. Smoking is the most common cause of chronic bronchitis.

Often, continued exposure to the irritant can lead to progressive worsening of the condition, and inflammation and scarring of the small airways make breathing more difficult.

Emphysema may develop — this is when the irritants also promote destruction of the alveolar air sacs. This makes it hard for the lungs to support any kind of exertion without the person becoming breathless. Bronchitis and emphysema may occur separately but often occur together.

How is bronchitis treated?

Acute bronchitis

If you have acute bronchitis, your doctor may advise you to:

• rest;
• drink plenty of fluids, and;
• take medications such as paracetamol to reduce pain and fever.

Most cases of acute bronchitis do not require antibiotics. However, if you are coughing up lots of yellow or green sputum, you have a very high fever that won’t go away, or you are particularly unwell, your bronchitis may have a bacterial cause. In this case, your doctor will prescribe antibiotics, which should quickly clear up the infection.

If you smoke, stop — at least until you feel better, if you can’t give up at this stage. However, you should be aware that if you continue to smoke you greatly increase your risk of developing recurring chronic bronchitis and other serious diseases.

Chronic bronchitis

There are several options your doctor may recommend if you have chronic bronchitis.

• Giving up smoking will slow the rate that the disease progresses and should improve your breathlessness. This is by far the most important thing you can do to help if you are a smoker.
• Bronchodilators may be prescribed. These medications expand the airways to make it easier to breathe. They are often taken in the form of an inhaler.
• Corticosteroids and antibiotics may be given during periods when you have a chest infection. Corticosteroids may be used regularly in people with severe disease or frequent exacerbations.
• An annual flu vaccination may prevent you from catching influenza in the winter, and is recommended for people with chronic bronchitis.
• Vaccination against pneumococcal disease is also recommended for people with chronic bronchitis.

轉載自http://www.mydr.com.au/respiratory-health/bronchitis

翻譯：Aaron Liao in Australia

What is gout?

Gout is one of the oldest diseases known. It was recognised by the ancient Greeks and the famous physician Hippocrates wrote about it. It affects about one in 25 males and one in 100 females.

Gout is a form of arthritis—which means inflammation of the joints. In the case of gout the inflammation is due to too much uric acid in the blood which is deposited in the affected joint as urate crystals. Usually a single joint is affected during an attack. The joint at the base of the big toe is most commonly affected.

What are the symptoms of gout?

In a typical case the joint suddenly becomes intensely painful, hot, red and swollen. Uric acid is made in the body as part of the breakdown process of foods containing purines. People with gout usually have an excess of uric acid in the bloodstream either because they are making too much, or because their bodies can't get rid of it properly. Uric acid is eliminated from the body by the kidneys, and those prone to gout may also develop stones in their kidneys.

Females and gout

Oestrogen—one of the female sex hormones—seems to give protection against gout, which is why the disease is less common in females. When it does affect them it is almost always only after the menopause. This may also be because of the increased use of diuretic medications by elderly women.

Treatment of gout

The treatment of gout may be twofold. The acute attack is treated with rest and usually with one of the anti-inflammatory drugs. Big doses are often needed for the first few days. For those who get repeated attacks of gout, and have a persistently raised level of uric acid in their blood, it may be necessary to take a drug which keeps the uric acid level down, on a daily basis. Although special diets have only a limited role in controlling gout, those with the disease usually get to know particular things which can trigger off an attack for them.

Who gets gout?

The typical sufferer from this painful condition is the overweight male who eats a lot of meat and consumes considerable amounts of alcohol. He will often have high blood pressure, too. Barbecues are the sorts of occasion that can mean a sore foot next morning for these individuals.

copied from http://www.mydr.com.au/arthritis/gout

uric acid: 尿酸

urate crystal: 尿酸鹽結晶

oestrogen: 雌激素  

androgen: 雄激素

diuretic medication: 利尿藥物

根據學者估計，全台有四十二萬尼特族（Not in Education,Employment or Training，簡稱ＮＥＥＴ），不就業，家裡蹲，監察院長王建煊昨天強調，這是相當嚴肅的社會課題，父母過於溺愛孩子，對雙方都造成傷害，奉勸尼特族的爸媽不要怨天尤人，鼓勵孩子出去工作。

但是為了避免尼特族問題惡化，勞委會宣布擴大辦理「立即上工」計畫，企業雇用初次尋職者，每人每月補助一萬元；這是政府首度將社會新鮮人納入薪資補助範圍。根據統計，今年七月初次尋職者平均失業周期為卅周，較一般平均失業周期廿六.八一周還要高。

王建煊出任監察院長之前，曾在中國大陸辦學，他說，中國因為一胎化政策，尼特族的問題早就出現，還更嚴重，一家三代六個大人對著一個孩子，把所有的資源全給這一個命根子，結果孩子長大沒受過挫折，「草莓的厲害！」書還沒念完就要求父母買電梯華廈，「未來主人翁這個鬼樣，國家還有什麼希望？」

王建煊分析，會出現尼特族，追根究底就是父母太過寵溺，存了點錢買了房子，全部留給小孩，「現在有多少年輕人，買房都是靠父母！」年輕人算盤撥一撥，覺得辛苦工作不划算，失去奮鬥目標。

王建煊說，在他們的年代出國唸書只有一張飛機票的錢，「有去無回」，家境好一點，父母會準備一點錢，有個媽媽拿存摺給孩子的時候說，「錢在這，沒出息就拿去用！」結果一家兄弟都很爭氣，沒有人動用一毛錢。

王建煊表示，四十二萬的苦難已經造成，就像水災過後需要復建，除了政府加強職業訓練，增加就業機會，父母心態更要轉換，他估計這四十二萬尼特族，只要願意工作，一定可以找到工作，也許並不如意，但絕對有機會。

轉載自：http://tw.news.yahoo.com/article/url/d/a/090922/4/1rjm3.html

尼特族(NEET)：Not in Education, Employment or Training

Headaches: the different types

Headache is one of the most common ailments. But not all headaches are the same — the location of the pain, how severe it is, how long it lasts and how often it occurs, and sometimes what brings on the pain, are some of the variables that doctors use to define different types of headache.

Knowing what type of headache you have can help you and your doctor to manage and treat your headaches.

Tension headache (緊張性頭痛)

This is the most common type of headache — most adults will have experienced a tension headache.

• Steady, non-throbbing mild to moderate pain usually on both sides of the head, and sometimes extending to the neck and shoulders.
• Feels like a tight band of pressure around the head.
• Can occur often.
• Lasts for 30 minutes up to a few days, but most attacks are short-lived.
• Can be brought on by several triggers, including stress, lack of sleep and poor posture.

Migraine headache (偏頭痛)

About 15 per cent of adults have migraines. Women are affected 2-3 times more often than men, and hormones are thought to play a role.

• Throbbing pain usually on one side of the head.
• May be preceded by an ‘aura’ of symptoms such as seeing a moving pattern or blinking lights in front of you.
• Often debilitating and accompanied by nausea and, sometimes, vomiting.
• Can last from 4 hours up to 3 days.
• Can cause sensitivity to bright lights or noise during the headache.
• Often runs in your family.
• Can be brought on by stress, certain foods, changes in the weather, lack of food, lack of sleep, as well as a range of other factors.

Cluster headache (叢集性頭痛)

This is a relatively uncommon, severe headache that is much more common in men than women. Cluster headaches can affect people of all ages, but onset is most common between the ages of 20 and 40.

• Occurs once (or several times) every day for a few days or weeks to months — a so-called ‘cluster’.
• Usually occurs at the same time every day during a cluster.
• Very severe stabbing pain on one side of the head that typically lasts from 15 minutes to 3 hours.
• Pain is usually centred on one eye, which often becomes watery and red.

Chronic daily headache (慢性每日頭痛)

• Can occur on and off, every day.
• Often tension headache or migraine symptoms; can be a mixture of both.
• Sometimes causes nausea, and aversion to light, noise and smells.
• Can be associated with anxiety or depression.
• Can be due to ‘rebound’ headache, which results from overuse of pain medications.

Hormone headache (因賀爾蒙變動所造成的頭痛)

Some women experience severe headaches including migraines at times when their hormones fluctuate, for example, around the time of their period each month or around the time of ovulation.

Exertional headache including ‘sexual’ headache (運動性頭痛)

Some people get a headache associated with exercise, sport or sexual activity. A ‘sexual headache’ can occur before or after orgasm; it can be severe and last for several minutes to several hours. Some people experience a sudden, severe headache at the point of orgasm.

Eye strain headache (眼睛疲勞造成之頭痛)

If you have visual problems that have not been addressed by prescription glasses or contact lenses, you can get an eye strain headache, which typically causes pain and a weighty feeling around the eyes.

Temporo-mandibular joint headache (顳顎關節造成之頭痛)

Some people may get muscle tension and pain related to a disorder of the temporo-mandibular joint (TMJ), the joint just in front of each ear, where your jaw bone connects to your skull.

Ice-cream headache (吃冰淇淋引起的頭痛)

Eating something very cold can cause a sharp pain in the middle of your forehead or over one temple. People who get migraines may be more likely to get an ice-cream headache — so-named because it comes on immediately after eating ice-cream.

Other headaches (其它頭痛)

Many other headaches are a secondary effect of another disorder, such as:

• a neck problem;
• irritation of nerve fibres, e.g. trigeminal nerve neuralgia;
• eye, ear, sinus, tooth and jaw problems;
• inflammation of an artery in the head (temporal arteritis);
• a head injury;
• a hangover from drinking excessive alcohol; or
• withdrawing from drugs such as caffeine or narcotics.

Warning signs (警示跡象)

People may worry that their headaches may be due to a serious brain problem, like a brain tumour, a brain haemorrhage or a brain infection such as meningitis. This is rarely the case, as most headaches do not reflect an underlying brain disorder. If a brain disorder is present, other symptoms apart from headache also tend to occur.

Seek medical attention when you have:

• a headache that is ‘the worst I’ve ever had’;
• a change in the pattern of your headaches, for example, from mild and occasional headaches to severe and frequent headaches;
• a new type of headache for you;
• a sudden-onset headache;
• a progressively worsening headache over days or weeks;
• a headache that is accompanied by neck pain and fever (which can indicate meningitis), or by co-ordination problems, fits (convulsions), changes in personality, and weakness on one side of the body (which can indicate a serious brain disorder).

Drowsiness, visual symptoms, vomiting and dislike of bright light may all be symptoms associated with migraine. However, in other situations, particularly after head injury, they may indicate an underlying brain disorder. If you are experiencing these symptoms for the first time or are in any doubt, seek medical attention.

copied from http://www.mydr.com.au/first-aid-self-care/headaches-the-different-types